home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Wayzata World Factbook 1996
/
The World Factbook - 1996 Edition - Wayzata Technology (3079) (1996).iso
/
mac
/
TEXT
/
backgrd
/
COMOROS.BKG
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1995-12-27
|
12KB
|
245 lines
US DEPARTMENT OF STATE
BACKGROUND NOTES SERIES, COMOROS, APRIL 1992
PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
Official Name: Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros
PROFILE
Geography
Area: 2,171 sq. km. (838 sq. mi.); slightly less than half the size of
Delaware. Major islands: Grande Comore (1,025 sq. km.), Anjouan (424 sq.
km.), Mayotte (374 sq. km.), and Moheli (211 sq. km.). Cities:
Capital - Moroni (pop. 30,000). Other city - Mutsamudu (20,000).
Terrain: Rugged. Climate: Tropical marine.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective=Comorian(s). Population (1990 est.):
455,000. Mayotte - 70,000 (1990 est.). Annual growth rate (1990 est.):
3.1%. Ethnic groups: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava.
Religions: Sunni Muslim 98%, Roman Catholic 2%. Languages: Shikomoro
(a Swahili-Arab), Malagasy, French. Education: Attendance = 62% primary,
32% secondary. Literacy = 15%. Health: Infant mortality rate = 120/1,000.
Life expectancy = 54 yrs. Work force (200,000): Agriculture = 87%.
Government = 3%.
Government
Type: Republic. Independence: July 6, 1975 (Mayotte remains under
French administration). Constitution: Adopted by referendum in 1978
and since amended.
Branches: Executive - president. Legislative - National Assembly. Judicial-
traditional Muslim and codified law from French sources. Political parties:
17 political parties. Suffrage: Universal adult. Flag: White crescent
moon encircling four white stars on green field.
Economy
GDP (1990 est.): $240 million. Avg. annual growth rate (1989-1990): 1.9%.
Per capita income: $448. Agriculture (37% of GDP): Products - perfume
essences, copra, coconuts, cloves, vanilla, cinnamon, yams, bananas. Services
(25% of GDP): Commerce, tourism. Industry (4% of GDP): Types - perfume
distillation. Trade: Exports=$22 million: vanilla, cloves, perfume essences,
copra. Major markets=France 47%, US 37%, Germany 10%. Imports=$40 million:
rice, petroleum, meat, wheat flour, cotton textiles, cement. Major suppliers=
France 41%, Madagascar 12%, Pakistan 8%, South Africa 6%. Official exchange
rate (1991): Comorian franc 279=US$1.
US economic aid received: US development assistance is administered by CARE,
the private voluntary organization (primarily for reforestation, soil
conservation, and sustainable agriculture). Assistance in FY1991 was $700,000.
The Peace Corps has 21 volunteers. Scholarship assistance totaling $100,000
was available in 1990.
PEOPLE
The Comorians inhabiting Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli (86% of the
population) share African-Arab origins. Islam is the dominant religion,
and Koranic schools for children reinforce its influence. Although Arab
culture is firmly established throughout the archipelago, a substantial
minority of the citizens of Mayotte (the Mahorais) are Catholic and have
been influenced strongly by French culture.
The most common language is Shikomoro, a Swahili dialect. French and Malagasy
are also spoken. About 15% of the population is literate.
HISTORY
Over the centuries, the islands were invaded by a succession of diverse
groups from the coast of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Indonesia, and Madagascar.
Portuguese explorers visited the archipelago in 1505. Shirazi Arab migrants
introduced Islam at about the same time. Between 1841 and 1912, France
established colonial rule over Grande Comore, Anjouan, Mayotte, and Moheli
and placed the islands under the administration of the governor general of
Madagascar. Later, French settlers, French-owned companies, and wealthy Arab
merchants established a plantation-based economy that now uses about one-third
of the land for export crops.
After World War II, the islands became a French overseas territory and were
represented in France+s National Assembly. Internal political autonomy
was granted in 1961. Agreement was reached with France in 1973 for Comoros
to become independent in 1978. On July 6, 1975, however, the Comorian
Parliament passed a resolution declaring unilateral independence. The
deputies of Mayotte abstained, and as a result, the Comorian Government has
effective control over only Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli. Mayotte
remains under French administration.
GOVERNMENT
Although Comoros has been independent since 1975, the country had no
constitution until the return to power of President Abdallah in 1978.
A National Assembly was elected in 1982, and the constitution was revised
in 1984 to permit the president to appoint governors of each of the three
main islands. Two months after President Abdallah+s assassination on November
27, 1989, presidential elections were held, and Said Mohamed Djohar was
designated president for a 6-year term. It is widely expected that a new
constitution, formed by a government of national unity and allowing for a
prime minister, will be ratified and adopted in 1992. New elections are
also planned for late 1992.
Principal Government Officials President=Said Mohamed Djohar Minister of
Foreign Affairs+Said Hassan Said Hachim Ambassador to the United States
and the United Nations+Amin Ali Moumin Comoros maintains a mission to the
United States at 336 E. 45th St., 2d Floor, New York, NY 10017, tel. (212)
972-8010.
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
After a unilateral declaration of independence from France by the Comorian
parliament in 1975, Ahmed Abdallah was designated President. After barely
a month in office, he was overthrown by foreign mercenaries who installed
Ali Soilih. Soilih embarked on a +socialist+ revolution, relying on
undisciplined youth committees that often terrorized the public. Government
archives were burned and civil servants fired. Soilih openly challenged the
dominance of Islam, alienating much of the devoutly Islamic population.
A second mercenary attack, in 1978, restored Abdallah to power, and Soilih
was killed. A constitution was adopted by popular referendum on October 1,
1978, and Abdallah was elected President the same year.
Sometime during the night of November 26, 1989, President Abdallah was
assassinated at his residence, probably by mercenaries in his presidential
guard under Bob Denard. French troops were dispatched from Mayotte, and the
mercenaries were forced to leave on December 15, 1989.
In early 1990, Said Mohamed Djohar emerged as the winner of the presidential
elections. Since then the country has been engaged in rewriting the
constitution, which is expected to be adopted this year. The country is
also engaged in implementing the terms of an IMF/World Bank structural
adjustment program to improve its economy.
ECONOMY
Comoros, with an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) per capita income of
about $450, is among the world+s poorest and least developed nations. Although
the quality of the land differs from island to island, most of the widespread
lava-encrusted soil formations are unsuited to agriculture. As a result,
most of the inhabitants make their living from subsistence agriculture and
fishing.
Agriculture, involving more than 87% of the population and 37% of the gross
domestic product, provides virtually all foreign exchange earnings. Services
including tourism, construction, and commercial activities constitute the
remainder of the GDP. Plantations engage a large proportion of the population
in producing the islands+ major cash crops for export+vanilla, cloves,
perfume essences, and copra. Comoros is the world+s leading producer of
essence of ylang-ylang, used in manufacturing perfume. It also is the worlds
second largest producer of vanilla. Principal food crops are coconuts,
bananas, and cassava. Foodstuffs constitute 34% of total imports.
The country lacks the infrastructure necessary for development. Some
villages are not linked to the main road system or at best are connected
by tracks usable only by four-wheel-drive vehicles.
The island's ports are rudimentary, although a deep-water facility was
recently completed on Anjouan. Only small vessels can approach the existing
quays in Moroni on Grande Comore, despite recent improvements. Long-distance
ocean-going ships must lie offshore and be unloaded by smaller boats; during
the cyclone season, this procedure is dangerous, and ships are reluctant to
call at the island. Most freight is sent first to Mombasa or Reunion and
transhipped from there.
France, Comoros' major trading partner, also provides direct budgetary
support essential to the government+s daily operations. The United States
receives a growing percentage of Comoros+ exports but supplies only a
negligible (less than 1%) fraction of its imports.
Comoros has an international airport at Hahaya on Grande Comore. It is a
member of the franc zone (Communaute Financiere Africaine CFA), with an
exchange rate of 279 CFA francs = US$1 (1991).
FOREIGN RELATIONS
In November 1975, Comoros became the 143d member of the United Nations. The
new nation was defined as consisting of the entire archipelago, despite the
fact that France maintains control over Mayotte.
Comoros also is a member of the Organization of African Unity, the European
Development Fund, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Indian
Ocean Commission, and the African Development Bank.
DEFENSE
The military resources of the Comoros consist of a small standing army and a
500-member police force, as well as a 500-member defense force. A defense
treaty with France provides naval resources for protection of territorial
waters, training of Comorian military personnel, and air surveillance.
France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion contingent on
Mayotte.
US-COMORIAN RELATIONS
The United States recognized the Comorian Government in 1977, and the two
countries enjoy friendly relations.
Principal US Officials
Ambassador+Kenneth N. Peltier
Administrative/Consular Officer Rowena Cross-Najafy
The address of the US Embassy in Moroni is PO Box 1318, Moroni, RFI des
Comoros (tel. 73-22-03 or 73-29-22). Embassy hours are 7:30-3:30 Monday
to Friday.
Travel Notes
Climate and clothing: The climate is hot. Light rainwear and summer clothing
are appropriate year round. Customs: A valid passport and visa are required.
Visas are available through the Embassy of Senegal in Washington. Visas also
may be obtained on arrival if unavailable in country of origin.
Health: No vaccinations are required. Malaria is widespread, and prophylactics,
such as chloroquine, paludrine, and fansidar, are used. Take reasonable
precautions in eating fruits, vegetables, and meats. Seek advice before
using beaches.
Telecommunications: Long-distance telephone and telegraph services are
available in Moroni. The country is 8 time zones earlier than eastern
standard time.
Transportation: There are flights to and from Comoros from Paris, Mauritius,
Nairobi, South Africa, Tanzania, and Madagascar. The three main islands are
connected by daily flights, but there is no regular ocean communication.
Published by the United States Department of State
Bureau of Public Affairs
Office of Public Communication
Washington, DC
April 1992
Editor: Peter A. Knecht.
Department of State Publication 8963 - Background Notes Series - This material
is in the public domain and may be reprinted without permission; citation of
this source is appreciated.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402.